00:00:01.30 ↗
🗣️ Microbes are everywhere,
🀄 微生物無所不在
00:00:03.62 ↗
🗣️ on your phone,
🀄 在你的手機上
00:00:05.20 ↗
🗣️ in your water bottle,
🀄 在你的水瓶裡
00:00:07.06 ↗
🗣️ on your hands before you wash them,
🀄 在你洗乾淨前的手上
00:00:08.92 ↗
🗣️ on your hands after you wash them,
🀄 以及洗乾淨後的手上
00:00:11.16 ↗
🗣️ and literally everywhere else on top of you too.
🀄 還有在你全身各處，絕不誇張
00:00:14.74 ↗
🗣️ Microbes are omnipresent at any moment, and there is nothing we can do about it
🀄 微生物無時無刻無所不在，而我們對此卻束手無策
00:00:20.30 ↗
🗣️ So, millions of years ago we made a pact,
🀄 因此幾百萬年來，人類和他們就簽訂了契約
00:00:23.42 ↗
🗣️ we give them shelter and food,
🀄 我們提供庇護和食物
00:00:25.34 ↗
🗣️ and in turn they work for us.
🀄 而他們反過來為我們工作
00:00:28.08 ↗
🗣️ But the more we learn about this partnership, the more it looks like a cold war
🀄 但是我們對這段夥伴關係瞭解的越多， 就越加發現這就像是場冷戰
00:00:44.10 ↗
🗣️ Inside our mother's womb, humans start out sterile
🀄 人類胎兒在母親子宮裡，是完全無菌的
00:00:48.30 ↗
🗣️ When we are born and traveling through the birth canal,
🀄 在經過產道出生時
00:00:50.80 ↗
🗣️ billions of our mother's bacteria cover every single part of our bodies.
🀄 無數母親身上的細菌就鋪蓋在新生兒的身上
00:00:55.12 ↗
🗣️ This is an essential part of human health.
🀄 這對人類健康來說是不可或缺的一環
00:00:57.90 ↗
🗣️ Children born via C-section have a higher rate of asthma,
🀄 剖腹產出生的新生兒，有較高的機率得到氣喘、
00:01:01.32 ↗
🗣️ immune diseases and even leukemia.
🀄 免疫疾病、甚至是白血病
00:01:03.92 ↗
🗣️ So our bodies do not only accept the invasion of microorganisms, they welcome it.
🀄 因此我們的身體不僅是接受這些微生物的入侵 更是歡迎他們
00:01:10.78 ↗
🗣️ Over millions of years, we co-evolved to make the best of our relationship.
🀄 幾百萬年來，我們共同演化出對彼此最佳的關係
00:01:16.10 ↗
🗣️ Mother's milk for example,
🀄 例如：母乳
00:01:17.60 ↗
🗣️ contains special sugars that are meant to feed and support
🀄 母乳含有特殊的醣類
00:01:20.62 ↗
🗣️ certain groups of microbes,
🀄 可以餵養特定族群的微生物生長
00:01:22.14 ↗
🗣️ work as a decoy for others,
🀄 他們可以做為別人的誘餌
00:01:23.74 ↗
🗣️ and help to modulate the immune system.
🀄 並且幫助調控免疫系統
00:01:26.64 ↗
🗣️ It takes up to two years, until a healthy microbe community has formed.
🀄 新生兒約需要兩年的時間 才能形成完整健康的菌叢
00:01:31.02 ↗
🗣️ Every human has their own unique microbiome, made up of bacteria,
🀄 每個人都有他獨特的微生物群系 包含有細菌、
00:01:35.12 ↗
🗣️ viruses, fungi and other organisms.
🀄 病毒、真菌以及其他微生物
00:01:38.68 ↗
🗣️ We have three categories of guests, on and in our bodies.
🀄 在我們身上及體內有三種類型的賓客
00:01:42.98 ↗
🗣️ One:
🀄 第一：
00:01:43.90 ↗
🗣️ Quiet passengers that do their own thing, and are politely ignored.
🀄 默不作聲的乘客做著他的事情，並且被禮貌地忽視
00:01:48.10 ↗
🗣️ By being there, they take up space and keep more aggressive intruders in check.
🀄 他們佔據空間，讓其他更有侵略性的外來者受到控制
00:01:53.50 ↗
🗣️ Two:
🀄 第二：
00:01:54.45 ↗
🗣️ Guests that harm us,
🀄 那些會傷害我們的客人們
00:01:55.92 ↗
🗣️ But with whom we've learned to live,
🀄 但透過他們使我們學習生存
00:01:57.74 ↗
🗣️ for example, bacteria that literally create acid that melts our teeth,
🀄 例如產生酸性物質腐蝕我們牙齒的細菌
00:02:01.28 ↗
🗣️ if we don't brush enough.
🀄 若是我們沒有刷牙刷乾淨
00:02:02.74 ↗
🗣️ They want to take up as much space as they can,
🀄 他們就會盡其所能佔據所有他們能佔據的空間
00:02:05.30 ↗
🗣️ and we don't want them to.
🀄 而我們並不想讓他們為所欲為
00:02:06.88 ↗
🗣️ But, we can't get rid of them entirely.
🀄 但卻無法完全擺脫他
00:02:09.86 ↗
🗣️ Three:
🀄 第三：
00:02:10.98 ↗
🗣️ Friendly fellows that our bodies want to have around,
🀄 我們身體很想要結交的友善傢伙
00:02:14.08 ↗
🗣️ most of them are a community of 380,000 billion bacteria,
🀄 他們大多是380兆個細菌族群
00:02:19.22 ↗
🗣️ from up to 5,000 different species, that live in our gut.
🀄 有超過5,000種不同的物種，住在我們腸道中
00:02:23.10 ↗
🗣️ These gut microorganisms help us digest food,
🀄 這些腸道微生物幫助我們消化食物
00:02:25.90 ↗
🗣️ and pull additional calories from things that we can't digest ourselves.
🀄 並且從我們不能消化的食物中分解出更多的熱量
00:02:30.24 ↗
🗣️ Unfortunately, our gut is also the perfect point of attack for intruders,
🀄 不幸的，腸道也是外來侵略者完美的攻擊點
00:02:34.44 ↗
🗣️ so it's guarded by an aggressive army,
🀄 因此腸道有非常果敢的軍隊鎮守
00:02:36.54 ↗
🗣️ our immune system.
🀄 我們的免疫系統
00:02:38.48 ↗
🗣️ To survive here, our microbiome co-evolved with us
🀄 為了在此生存，微生物和我們共同演化
00:02:41.80 ↗
🗣️ to be able to communicate with our body.
🀄 使自己有能力與我們身體聯絡
00:02:44.18 ↗
🗣️ The most important part of that is to ask the immune system to not kill them.
🀄 最重要的部分就是 請免疫系統不要殺死他們
00:02:49.14 ↗
🗣️ But, they also have a real motivation to keep our gut healthy,
🀄 但其實背後他們保持我們腸道健康的真正動機
00:02:52.24 ↗
🗣️ so some of them produce a messenger substances,
🀄 所以某些微生物會產出一種訊息物質
00:02:55.34 ↗
🗣️ that help to educate the immune system,
🀄 來幫助教育免疫系統
00:02:57.60 ↗
🗣️ and others stimulate the gut cells to regenerate faster.
🀄 其他還有些微生物能刺激腸道細胞再生
00:03:02.04 ↗
🗣️ But, over the last few years.
🀄 在最近幾年
00:03:03.64 ↗
🗣️ Evidence has emerged that the influence of our gut microbiome,
🀄 證據顯示腸道微生物
00:03:06.88 ↗
🗣️ goes much much further.
🀄 能影響的程度更遠了
00:03:08.88 ↗
🗣️ It might even talk directly to our brain.
🀄 甚至能夠直接和大腦對話
00:03:12.78 ↗
🗣️ We've observed a few curious things,
🀄 我們觀察到幾個古怪的事情
00:03:15.24 ↗
🗣️ 90% of our body's serotonin,
🀄 我們身體90%的血清素(serotonin)
00:03:17.54 ↗
🗣️ an important messenger substance for nerve cells,
🀄 是神經細胞重要的傳遞訊息物質
00:03:19.96 ↗
🗣️ is produced in the gut.
🀄 是由腸道製造的
00:03:21.90 ↗
🗣️ Some scientists think the microbiome does this,
🀄 以些科學家認為這是微生物引起的
00:03:24.54 ↗
🗣️ to communicate with the vagus nerve.
🀄 目的是要和迷走神經聯絡
00:03:26.64 ↗
🗣️ The information highway of our nervous system.
🀄 迷走神經是我們神經系統訊息傳遞的高速公路
00:03:29.50 ↗
🗣️ Other examples are bacteria that stimulate immune cells in the gut,
🀄 其他例子還包含有細菌能刺激腸道的免疫細胞
00:03:33.26 ↗
🗣️ so they send a kind of alarm signal to the brain.
🀄 然後傳送警告訊息給大腦
00:03:36.28 ↗
🗣️ Here, it activates immune cells that help the brain recover from injuries.
🀄 這樣能活化免疫細胞，幫助大腦從創傷中恢復
00:03:40.50 ↗
🗣️ Since the brain decides what we eat,
🀄 由於大腦決定了我們吃什麼
00:03:43.02 ↗
🗣️ the microbiome is interested in a healthy brain.
🀄 微生物們對健康的大腦非常有興趣
00:03:46.84 ↗
🗣️ A new field of science is opening up here,
🀄 這裡開創了科學中新的領域
00:03:49.46 ↗
🗣️ and we're just on the verge of understanding how these
🀄 而我們只理解其冰山一角，關於
00:03:52.14 ↗
🗣️ complex systems inside our bodies interact.
🀄 這些複雜的系統究竟在身體裡如何運作
00:03:54.76 ↗
🗣️ But we are starting to see how much our microbiome
🀄 但我們逐漸開始瞭解
00:03:58.12 ↗
🗣️ actually influences us and our behavior.
🀄 這些微生物影響我們及我們的行為有多深
00:04:01.18 ↗
🗣️ Take depression for example,
🀄 以憂鬱為例
00:04:03.44 ↗
🗣️ Healthy rats fed microbes from the guts of depressed people,
🀄 健康的大鼠被餵食來自憂鬱人類腸道的微生物
00:04:06.70 ↗
🗣️ began showing anxiety-like behavior,
🀄 便會開始出現類似焦慮不安的行為
00:04:09.26 ↗
🗣️ and symptoms that look like depression.
🀄 以及類似憂鬱的症狀
00:04:11.98 ↗
🗣️ And in early 2017, a study linked the microbiome to intelligence,
🀄 在2017年初一個研究指出微生物和智力之間的關係
00:04:16.36 ↗
🗣️ by connecting a certain set up of bacteria in newborns,
🀄 研究指出新生兒體內特別的一群細菌
00:04:19.50 ↗
🗣️ with better motor and language skills.
🀄 能使其擁有較好的運動及語言能力
00:04:22.18 ↗
🗣️ But it might also influence our daily lives.
🀄 其也可能影響我們的日常生活
00:04:25.26 ↗
🗣️ Tests with fruit flies,
🀄 以果蠅做研究時發現
00:04:26.74 ↗
🗣️ showed that their microbiome, influenced what kinds of food they craved.
🀄 他們身上的微生物族群，會影響他們想吃哪種食物
00:04:30.96 ↗
🗣️ This could mean your microbes are able to tell your brain,
🀄 這可能指出，微生物能告訴你的大腦
00:04:34.72 ↗
🗣️ which food it should get them.
🀄 你該吃哪些食物
00:04:36.40 ↗
🗣️ Although, this is not a one-way street
🀄 然而這並不是單方向的影響
00:04:39.36 ↗
🗣️ The seed for our microbiome comes from our mother,
🀄 我們身上微生物源自母親
00:04:42.20 ↗
🗣️ but how it develops and changes, is determined by what we eat.
🀄 但其發展以及改變則是取決於我們吃了什麼
00:04:46.28 ↗
🗣️ the organisms in our gut feed on different things,
🀄 腸道微生物以不同的食物為食
00:04:49.28 ↗
🗣️ some like fibers and leafy greens,
🀄 有些喜歡纖維類和葉菜類植物
00:04:51.68 ↗
🗣️ others go for sugars and starches,
🀄 有些則喜歡糖類和澱粉類
00:04:53.90 ↗
🗣️ and some love greasy fries and butter.
🀄 有些喜歡油炸食物、油脂類
00:04:57.04 ↗
🗣️ Our gut is like a garden in which we constantly decide,
🀄 我們的腸道就像個花園一樣，在這裡我們不斷地決定
00:05:00.82 ↗
🗣️ what will grow and blossom.
🀄 我們想要栽種繁盛什麼東西
00:05:03.08 ↗
🗣️ If we eat healthily, we breed bacteria that like healthy food.
🀄 如果我們飲食健康，就養育了那些喜歡健康食物的細菌
00:05:07.68 ↗
🗣️ If we eat a lot of fast food, then we breed fast food loving bacteria.
🀄 如果吃了很多速食，則養育了喜愛速食的細菌
00:05:13.46 ↗
🗣️ Life is hard, so we can get trapped in a vicious circle.
🀄 生活艱辛，因此我們被這惡性循環困著
00:05:17.34 ↗
🗣️ You have a stressful time, and eat lots of burgers and fries and pizza.
🀄 你處於壓力大的狀態時，吃了很多漢堡、薯條和披薩
00:05:22.12 ↗
🗣️ This is awesome for fast food bacteria,
🀄 這對喜愛速食的細菌來說很棒
00:05:24.64 ↗
🗣️ they multiply and multiply, and take up space from vegetable loving bacteria.
🀄 他們快速地繁殖，從喜愛蔬果的細菌手中搶奪生存空間
00:05:29.72 ↗
🗣️ But even worse, they send signals to the brain to continue what it's doing.
🀄 更糟的是，他們向大腦傳遞訊息要你繼續
00:05:34.68 ↗
🗣️ this makes you want more fast food.
🀄 進而讓你想要吃更多的速食
00:05:36.80 ↗
🗣️ Which breeds more fast food bacteria,
🀄 就養育出更多的速食細菌
00:05:38.92 ↗
🗣️ which makes you crave fast food, and so on.
🀄 而又讓你更想吃速食，如此循環著
00:05:43.02 ↗
🗣️ This kind of self-reinforcing cycle,
🀄 這樣自我回饋增強的循環
00:05:45.22 ↗
🗣️ could play a huge role in obesity.
🀄 在肥胖中扮演了非常重要的角色
00:05:47.36 ↗
🗣️ But, it's important to stress that you can fight this process,
🀄 但重要的是，你是可以對抗這個過程
00:05:50.24 ↗
🗣️ and reverse it, by eating healthily and breeding more good bacteria.
🀄 並翻轉這個情況，透過吃下健康的食物，養育好的細菌
00:05:55.40 ↗
🗣️ Beyond weight gain, our microbiome has also been linked to other
🀄 除了增重之外，微生物還被連結到其他嚴重的疾病
00:05:58.76 ↗
🗣️ serious diseases like autism,
🀄 例如自閉症
00:06:00.66 ↗
🗣️ schizophrenia, and cancer.
🀄 人格分裂以及癌症
00:06:02.88 ↗
🗣️ One of the earliest symptoms of Parkinson's, is actually gut problems.
🀄 帕金森氏症的最早的症狀之一，就是腸道出問題
00:06:07.60 ↗
🗣️ If your body is overrun with bacteria that harm you,
🀄 如果腸道中細菌猖獗而傷害你
00:06:10.68 ↗
🗣️ there is often only one solution.
🀄 那麼通常只有一個解決方法
00:06:12.90 ↗
🗣️ You bring in an army of good guys.
🀄 從外面帶來一群良善的軍隊
00:06:15.36 ↗
🗣️ That's very easy,
🀄 這非常的簡單
00:06:16.82 ↗
🗣️ You just transplant some healthy poop.
🀄 移植某些健康人的糞便
00:06:20.10 ↗
🗣️ You do that by literally transferring poop, from a healthy person,
🀄 將健康人的糞便確實地移植
00:06:23.82 ↗
🗣️ into your gut.
🀄 到你的腸道內
00:06:25.58 ↗
🗣️ This method is already used, to cure diarrhea
🀄 這個方法已經被使用來治療腹瀉
00:06:28.80 ↗
🗣️ that's caused when C. difficile bacteria, take over a gut microbiome.
🀄 是由腸道內艱難梭菌(C. difficile)引起的腹瀉
00:06:33.20 ↗
🗣️ But we just don't know enough about the complex interplay at work here yet.
🀄 但對於其中的交互作用我們仍然瞭解得不夠
00:06:37.32 ↗
🗣️ For example, a transplant from an overweight donor cured a woman's diarrhea,
🀄 例如：移植來自過重的人的糞便，治療了該名女性腹瀉
00:06:41.52 ↗
🗣️ but contributed to her obesity down the line.
🀄 但卻造成她跟著也肥胖了
00:06:44.76 ↗
🗣️ This caused some ways and another study tried to reverse the effect.
🀄 更有其他的研究嘗試想要逆轉這樣的影響
00:06:48.94 ↗
🗣️ Poop transplants from slim people to obese ones,
🀄 移植來自身材苗條的人的糞便到肥胖的人
00:06:52.06 ↗
🗣️ gave them a more diverse microbiome,
🀄 給予其更多元不同的微生物族群
00:06:54.44 ↗
🗣️ and made them less sensitive to insulin.
🀄 並且使其對胰島素敏感度下降
00:06:56.90 ↗
🗣️ Both things that also happen when people lose weight
🀄 這兩件事情皆發生在接受者體重減輕的例子中
00:07:00.60 ↗
🗣️ We need to do a lot more science, to really understand
🀄 我們需要做更多的科學研究，才能真正地瞭解
00:07:03.72 ↗
🗣️ how our microbes make us healthy or sick.
🀄 微生物究竟如何讓我們身體健康或生病
00:07:06.32 ↗
🗣️ But, whether we like it or not.
🀄 但不論我們是否喜歡
00:07:08.12 ↗
🗣️ We need our microbiome, and it needs us.
🀄 我們都需要這些微生物，而他們也需要我們
00:07:11.80 ↗
🗣️ We'll never have our bodies to ourselves.
🀄 我們永遠不會只有自己擁有自己的身體
00:07:14.54 ↗
🗣️ But we have gained a powerful ally,
🀄 而是獲得了有力的盟軍
00:07:17.06 ↗
🗣️ if we can just keep the peace.
🀄 如果我們能保持和平共處的話